Article 2 of the KSA Income Tax Law defines the persons subject to taxation. This includes resident capital companies based on shares owned directly or indirectly by non-Saudis or by persons in the oil and hydrocarbon sector, with an exception for shares in companies listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange. The law also applies to resident non-Saudi natural persons conducting business, non-residents operating through a permanent establishment, and those with taxable income from KSA sources without a permanent establishment. Finally, it explicitly covers any person engaged in natural gas investment or the production of oil and hydrocarbons.